Abstract
Managing the emergence and spread of crop pests and pathogens is essential for global food security. Understanding how organisms have adapted to their native climate is key to predicting the impact of climate change. The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis are economically important plant pathogens that cause yield losses of up to 50% in potato. The two species have different thermal optima that may relate to differences in the altitude of their regions of origin in the Andes. Here, we demonstrate that juveniles of G. pallida are less able to recover from heat stress than those of G. rostochiensis. Genome-wide analysis revealed that while both Globodera species respond to heat stress by induction of various protective heat-inducible genes, G. pallida experiences heat stress at lower temperatures. We use C. elegans as a model to demonstrate the dependence of the heat stress response on expression of Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF-1). Moreover, we show that hsp-110 is induced by heat stress in G. rostochiensis, but not in the less thermotolerant G. pallida. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene and its promoter was duplicated in G. rostochiensis and acquired thermoregulatory properties. We show that hsp-110 is required for recovery from acute thermal stress in both C. elegans and in G. rostochiensis. Our findings point towards an underlying molecular mechanism that allows the differential expansion of one species relative to another closely related species under current climate change scenarios. Similar mechanisms may be true of other invertebrate species with pest status.
Highlights
Understanding how animals respond to temperature is key to predicting the consequences of climate change
J2 Stage of G. rostochiensis Recover Faster from Acute Thermal Stress Than G. pallida We have previously shown that developing females of G. pallida take longer to recover from a prolonged diurnal heat stress than G. rostochiensis (Jones et al 2017)
G. pallida has a Lower Thermal Limit Than G. rostochiensis We investigated genome-wide gene expression profiles of both species following 60 min incubation at 20, 25, or 30 C to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms for the lower ability of G. pallida to recover from heat stress
Summary
Understanding how animals respond to temperature is key to predicting the consequences of climate change. There is little information regarding the regulation of the thermal limits of a species or how they respond to a different temperature range. Terrestrial ectotherms are likely to face increased periods of heat stress as mean temperatures and temperature variability are predicted to increase over the few decades (Kharin et al 2007; Smith et al 2015). Many organisms respond to climate change by altering their geographic range. Both vertebrate and invertebrate species have moved towards higher latitudes over a circa 25 year period, presumably following the thermal optima to which they are already adapted (Hickling et al 2006; Chen et al 2011). Analysis of 612 crop pests and pathogens established a global move poleward since the 1960s for some organisms but not for either of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) species Globodera pallida or G. rostochiensis in the Northern hemisphere (Bebber et al 2013)
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