Abstract
Duplicated kidney and ureters can be one of the more controversial urological anomalies. They can range from interesting radiological findings to clinical issues such as ectopia, obstructive ureteroceles, and vesicoureteral reflux. This chapter focuses on the embryological origins of these anomalies and their common presentations. A comprehensive review of proper diagnostic evaluation ensues. Although management algorithms are presented, one must keep in mind that the best management for every child is one that is tailored to his or her specific anatomy. Nevertheless, general treatment guidelines consist of preventing morbidity from urinary tract infections, preserving adequate renal function and urinary continence, and eliminating complications associated with obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux.
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