Ductography and Galactomosynthesis in the 21st Century: Role of Imaging in Identifying Endoductal Breast Lesions and in Pre-Surgical Planning

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the role of invasive imaging in the identification and pre-surgical localization of endoductal breast lesions. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated cytological outcomes, non-invasive/invasive breast imaging obtained between January 2016 and December 2019 in women with pathological nipple discharge (PND). We analysed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. We also evaluated the advantages of a pre-surgical radiological study using an endoductal contrast medium (with 3D-technique, in young women with dense breasts). Results: A total of 286 women with PND underwent cytological examination, mammography and/or breast ultrasound. When the cytological outcome was reported as “negative” (66.78%) in agreement with negative noninvasive imaging, patients were sent to follow up. Patients with cytological outcomes defined as “bloody with papillary clusters” (29.37%) “bloody not associated to cytological modifications” (2.44%), or “atypical/suspected” for malignant (1.39%) underwent an invasive procedure. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were, respectively: 92.63%, 100%, 100% and 96.46% for cytological examination; 64.28%, 96.95%, 60% and 97.44% for mammography; 41.11%, 97.44%, 88.09% and 78.27% for ultrasound; 93.68%, 100%, 100% and 96.95% for invasive procedures. Post-surgical histological outcomes confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusion: In absence of a standard diagnostic algorithm, we recommend invasive procedures to identify intraductal breast lesions and for preoperative planning. Digital imaging and new technologies such as 3D-tomosynthesis lead to a renaissance of breast invasive imaging; they are confirmed to be an essential diagnostic modality for preoperative planning, to define localization and extension of multiple coexisting endoductal lesions.