Abstract
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is common among extremely preterm infants. In selected cases, surgical PDA ligation may be required. The timing for PDA ligation may depend upon a variety of factors, with potential clinical implications. We aimed to investigate the impact of different surgical PDA managements on ligation timing and neonatal outcomes. Inborn infants < 32 weeks of gestation and < 1500 g admitted at two tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units that underwent PDA ligation between 2007 and 2018 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study and split into the following groups based on their surgical management: on-site bedside PDA ligation (ONS) vs. referral to an off-site pediatric cardiac surgery (OFS). Neonatal characteristics, surgical timing, and clinical outcomes of the enrolled infants were compared between the groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of PDA ligation timing on significantly different outcomes. Seventy-eight neonates (ONS, n = 39; OFS, n = 39) were included. Infants in the ONS group underwent PDA ligation significantly earlier than those in the OFS group (median age 12 vs. 36 days, p < 0.001) with no increase in postoperative mortality and complications. The multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between PDA ligation timing, late-onset sepsis prevalence (OR 1.045, 0.032), and oxygen need at discharge (OR 1.037, p = 0.025).Conclusions: Compared with off-site surgery, on-site bedside ligation allows an earlier surgical closure of PDA, with no apparent increase in mortality or complications. Earlier PDA ligation may contribute to reduced rates of late-onset sepsis and post-discharge home oxygen therapy, with possible cost-benefit implications.What is known:• Ineffective or contraindicated pharmacological closure of a hemodynamically significant PDA may require a surgical ligation.• Available literature comparing the effect of early vs. late PDA ligation on the main neonatal morbidities has yield contrasting results.What is new:• The availability of a cardiac surgery service performing bedside PDA ligation allows an earlier intervention compared to patient referral to an off-site center, with no difference in postoperative mortality and complications compared to off-site surgery.• Earlier PDA ligation was associated with a lower prevalence of late-onset sepsis and of oxygen need at discharge, with possible cost-benefit implications.
Highlights
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is common among preterm neonates, with an estimated incidence of 60% in extremely-lowbirth-weight infants [1]
Earlier PDA ligation may contribute to reduced rates of late-onset sepsis and post-discharge home oxygen therapy, with possible cost-benefit implications
The availability of a cardiac surgery service performing bedside PDA ligation allows an earlier intervention compared to patient referral to an off-site center, with no difference in postoperative mortality and complications compared to off-site surgery
Summary
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is common among preterm neonates, with an estimated incidence of 60% in extremely-lowbirth-weight infants [1]. If spontaneous closure is not achieved, PDA management includes supportive therapy and targeted pharmacologic treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors or paracetamol. In case of ineffective or contraindicated pharmacological closure of a hemodynamically significant PDA, surgical ligation may be required [10]. PDA ligation can be performed on-site, either at the infants’ bedside or in the operation room, or off-site, if a local or mobile pediatric cardiac surgery team is not available [11]. These different approaches may influence the timing for PDA ligation. Current literature comparing the effects of early vs. delayed ligation on neonatal morbidities highlights contrasting results [12,13,14,15,16,17], and the optimal surgical timing is still debated
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