Abstract
Duclauxin is a heptacyclic oligophenalenone dimer consisting of an isocoumarin and a dihydroisocoumarin unit. These two tricyclic moieties are joined by a cyclopentane ring to form a unique hinge or castanets-like structure. Duclauxin is effective against numerous tumor cell lines because it prevents adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. There are about 36 reported natural duclauxin analogs mainly produced by 9 Penicillium and Talaromyces species (T. duclauxii, T. aculeatus, T. stipitatus, T. bacillisporus, T. verruculosus, T. macrosporus, P. herquei, P. manginii, and Talaromyces sp.). These metabolites exhibit remarkable biological activities, including antitumor, enzyme inhibition, and antimicrobial, showing tremendous potential in agricultural and medical applications. This review highlights the chemical structures and biological activities of fungal duclauxins, together with biosynthesis, absolute configuration, and mode of action for important duclauxins. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and correct names of Penicillium and Talaromyces species producing duclauxins are presented in this review.
Highlights
Natural products are derived from natural sources such as microorganisms, plants, or animals (Jeerapong et al, 2015; Calixto, 2019; Mao et al, 2021)
This review focuses on chemical structures and biological activities of duclauxin derivatives produced by fungi
Over the past few years, about 36 duclauxin derivates have been identified from at least 9 fungal species mainly distributed in the genera Penicillium and Talaromyces (T. duclauxii, T. aculeatus, T. stipitatus, T. bacillisporus, T. verruculosus, T. macrosporus, P. herquei, P. manginii, and Talaromyces sp.)
Summary
Natural products are derived from natural sources such as microorganisms, plants, or animals (Jeerapong et al, 2015; Calixto, 2019; Mao et al, 2021). 36 duclauxin derivatives are mainly produced by Talaromyces and Penicillium species, isolated from marine sponges, plants endophytes, soil samples, mangroves, and coral reefs (Table 1).
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