Dual-energy cardiac imaging: an image quality and dose comparison for a flat-panel detector and x-ray image intensifier

Abstract

This study presents a comparison of dual-energy imaging with an x-ray image intensifier and flat-panel detector for cardiac imaging. It also investigates if the wide dynamic range of the flat-panel detector can improve dual-energy image quality while reducing patient dose. Experimental contrast-to-noise (CNR) measurements were carried out in addition to simulation studies. Patient entrance exposure and system tube loading were also recorded. The studied contrast objects were calcium and iodine. System performance was quantified with a figure-of-merit (FOM) defined as the image CNR2 over patient entrance exposure. The range of thickness studied was from 10 to 30 cm of Lucite (PMMA). Detector dose was initially set to 140 nGy (16 µR)/frame. The high-energy 120 kVp beam was filtered by an additional 0.8 mm silver filter. Keeping the same filament current, the kVp for the low-energy beam was adjusted as a function of thickness until 140 nGy was achieved. System performance was found to be similar for both systems, with the x-ray image intensifier performing better at lower thicknesses and the flat-panel detector performing better at higher thicknesses. This requirement of fixed detector entrance exposure was then relaxed and the kVp for the low-energy beam was allowed to vary while the mAs of the x-ray tube remained fixed to study changes in dual-energy image quality, patient dose and FOM with the flat-panel detector. It was found that as the kVp for the low-energy beam was reduced, system performance would rise until reaching a maximum while simultaneously lowering patient exposure. Suggested recommendations for optimal dual-energy imaging implementation are also provided.