Abstract
The symbiotic systems (types of symbionts, their distribution in the host insect body, and their transovarial transmission between generations) of four Deltocephalinae leafhoppers: Fieberiella septentrionalis, Graphocraerus ventralis, Orientus ishidae, and Cicadula quadrinotata have been examined by means of histological, ultrastructural, and molecular techniques. In all four species, two types of symbionts are present: bacterium Sulcia (phylum Bacteroidetes) and yeast-like symbionts closely related to the entomopathogenic fungi (phylum Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes). Sulcia bacteria are always harbored in giant bacteriocytes, which are grouped into large organs termed “bacteriomes.” In F. septentrionalis, G. ventralis, and O. ishidae, numerous yeast-like microorganisms are localized in cells of the fat body, whereas in C. quadrinotata, they occupy the cells of midgut epithelium in large number. Additionally, in C. quadrinotata, a small amount of yeast-like microorganisms occurs intracellularly in the fat body cells and, extracellularly, in the hemolymph. Sulcia bacteria in F. septentrionalis, G. ventralis, O. ishidae, and C. quadrinotata, and the yeast-like symbionts residing in the fat body of F. septentrionalis, G. ventralis, and O. ishidae are transovarially transmitted; i.e., they infect the ovarioles which constitute the ovaries.
Highlights
The symbiotic microorganisms living in the body of some insects have a large impact on their development, growth, and survival and, on their evolution [1,2,3]
We describe the symbiotic system of four leafhoppers from the subfamily Deltocephalinae: Fieberiella septentrionalis, Graphocraerus ventralis, Orientus ishidae, and Cicadula quadrinotata
O. ishidae is a species of Asian origin which was introduced into Europe and is known as a vector of phytoplasma pathogens, which cause the flavescence dorée (FD) disease in grapevines [33] and peach X disease [34]
Summary
The symbiotic microorganisms living in the body of some insects have a large impact on their development, growth, and survival and, on their evolution [1,2,3]. Microbial mutualists are passed from mother to offspring transovarially [14]. Another characteristic feature of bacterial symbionts is their highly reduced genome, which is the consequence of a very long co-evolution between the microorganism and its host insect [2, 6, 15]
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