Dual Stimuli-Responsive Nanoprecursor of Ascorbic Acid and Quinone Methide Disrupting Redox Homeostasis for Cancer Treatment.

Abstract

Disrupting the redox balance through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and intracellular glutathione (GSH) depletion presents a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Megadoses of ascorbic acid (AA) can induce oxidative stress in cancer cells, leading to cell death. However, achieving enhanced oxidative stress using ultrahigh doses of AA is challenging because of the intricate delivery of high-concentration AA to the targeted sites while the cancer cells could also re-establish more robust redox homeostasis by upregulating antioxidants such as GSH. Recently, quinone methide and its analogues (QMs) have been recognized as effective GSH scavengers, offering a new dimension to accelerate oxidative stress. In this study, we formulated a dual stimuli-responsive nanoprecursor of AA and QM using gold nanoparticles. The nanoprecursor can release AA in response to the intracellular acidic pH in tumor cells, elevating the intracellular ROS levels and triggering the production of ample QMs to quench excessive GSH. This positive feedback mechanism significantly amplifies oxidative stress and disrupts redox homeostasis in cancer cells at a relatively low concentration of AA, leading to selective apoptosis without affecting normal cells. These results highlight the potential of the nanoprecursor as an effective anticancer therapeutic.