Abstract
Plants must adapt to unfavorable growth conditions such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperature and, in addition, need the flexibility to resume growth when conditions become favorable. Sensing of extracellular environmental stress and signal transduction rely on pathways that in many cases use phosphorylation of target proteins to amplify and transmit the extracellular signal. MAPK signaling has been intensively studied in yeasts, humans, and plants, and represents a signal transduction module that transmits extracellular signals to generate different cellular responses (Jonak et al., 2002).
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