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Abstract
This work presents a new dual-purpose detector for photometric and conductivity measurements in flow-based analysis. The photometric detector is a paired emitter–detector diode (PEDD) device, whilst the conductivity detection employs a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D). The flow-through detection cell is a rectangular acrylic block (ca. 2 × 2 × 1.5 cm) with cylindrical channels in Z-configuration. For the PEDD detector, the LED light source and detector are installed inside the acrylic block. The two electrodes of the C4D are silver conducting ink painted on the PEEK inlet and outlet tubing of the Z-flow cell. The dual-purpose detector is coupled with a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system for simultaneous detection of the absorbance of the orange dye and conductivity of the dissolved oral rehydration salt powder. The detector was also used for sequential measurements of creatinine and the conductivity of human urine samples. The creatinine analysis is based on colorimetric detection of the Jaffé reaction using the PEDD detector, and the conductivity of the urine, as measured by the C4D detector, is expressed in millisiemens (mS cm−1).
Highlights
Flow injection analysis (FIA) [1,2] and its later generation techniques, including sequential injection analysis (SIA) [3], lab-on-valve (LOV) [4], lab-at-valve (LAV) [5], all injection analysis (AIA) [6], simultaneous injection effective mixing flow analysis (SIEMA) [7,8] and cross injection analysis (CIA) [9,10], are effective techniques that have been used as tools for liquid handling in automated analysis
The linearity ranges for 400 electrodes E1 and E2 of the C4D are positioned at the inlet and at the outlet of the flow cell, and 500 kHz were narrower than for 300 kHz (10–50 mM NaCl compared to 1–50 mM NaCl)
The paired emitter–detector diode (PEDD) is used as the photometric detector for monitoring absorbance of the solution we chose the frequency of 500 kHz, since it provided the highest sensitivity
Summary
Flow injection analysis (FIA) [1,2] and its later generation techniques, including sequential injection analysis (SIA) [3], lab-on-valve (LOV) [4], lab-at-valve (LAV) [5], all injection analysis (AIA) [6], simultaneous injection effective mixing flow analysis (SIEMA) [7,8] and cross injection analysis (CIA) [9,10], are effective techniques that have been used as tools for liquid handling in automated analysis. Reagent and sample mixing, detection and rinsing of the flow-path in every cycle are operated by computer technology. Almost all kinds of detection can be coupled to the above flow-based techniques, including UV–Vis absorbance [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22], fluorescence [22,23,24], chemiluminescence [25,26], electrochemical detections (amperometry) [27,28,29,30], conductivity [31] and contactless conductivity [32,33,34,35,36,37]. Some flow-based systems are equipped with two or more different types of detector in the same system, depending upon the purpose of analysis [38]. The aim for integrating more than one detector is for multi-component analysis
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