Dual-pulse Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for analysis of gaseous and aerosol systems: Plasma-analyte interactions

Abstract

Dual-pulse LIBS has been previously investigated to a large extent on solid and liquid phase analytes, where it has been demonstrated to significantly enhance atomic emission signal intensity, and more importantly, to enhance the analyte peak-to-base and signal-to-noise ratios. This study focuses on the effects of an orthogonal dual-pulse laser configuration on the atomic emission response for both purely gaseous and calcium-based aerosol samples. The gaseous sample consisted of purified (i.e. aerosol free) air, from which nitrogen and oxygen spectral emission lines were analyzed. Measurements for the gaseous system resulted in no notable improvements with the dual-pulse configuration as compared to the single-pulse LIBS. Experiments were also conducted in purified air seeded with calcium-rich particles, which revealed a marked improvement in calcium atomic emission peak-to-base (∼ 2-fold increase) and signal-to-noise ratios (∼ 4-fold increase) with the dual-pulse configuration. In addition to increased analyte response, dual-pulse LIBS yielded an enhanced single-particle sampling rate when compared to conventional LIBS. Transmission measurements with respect to the plasma-creating laser pulse were recorded for both single and dual-pulse methods over a range of temporal delays. In consideration of the spectroscopic and transmission data, the plasma-analyte interactions realized with a dual-pulse methodology are explained in terms of the interaction with the initially expanding plasma shock wave, which differs between gaseous and particulate phase analytes, as reported in a recent study [V. Hohreiter, D.W. Hahn, Calibration effects for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of gaseous sample streams: analyte response of gas-phase species versus solid-phase species, Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 1118–1124].