Dual modification of acid hydrolysis and annealing on resistant starch: a systematic review and meta-optimization

Abstract

Resistant starch (RS) has potentials for the development of functional food. Dual modification techniques, i.e., acid hydrolysis (AH) and annealing (ANN), were applied to raise RS content. However, several individual studies yielded varying results. Some reported that these techniques could increase the quantity of RS, while others reported otherwise. This discrepancy has not been explained, remaining an intriguing space for discussion. Therefore, this current work aimed to determine the effects of dual modification methods on resistant starch content through systematic review and metaoptimization approach. The study was conducted in 3 stages i.e., systematic review (SR), meta-analysis (MA), and response surface methodology (RSM). Data analysis for SR was based on PRISMA guidelines. The main output of MA was the effect size in standardized mean difference (SMD) values, calculated using the Hedge’s method for random-effects models. RSM was used to optimize the result of MA using 3D surface chart. The main result of SR showed 62.5% of the data points decreased RS content, which follows MA result that AH and ANN decreased RS very significantly (p<0.001; SMD: -10.608; 95% CI: -13.704 to -7.511). Meta-optimization using RSM was also showing a decrease in RS (parameter at 6 hrs of acid hydrolysis and 50oC of annealing incubation temperature, showed the smallest decreased). This research concluded that dual modification of AH and ANN still require broadly more experimental research data in order that it can be adequate to discover the optimum parameters to increase the RS.