Abstract
A novel colorimetric and fluorescent dual-mode sensing label for the highly sensitive detection of fish freshness was developed based on the stimuli-responsive polymer polyaniline (PANI) and the aggregation-induced emission property of tetraphenylethylene (TPE). TPE was integrated into the PNAI matrix on the surface of a polyamide film and placed in the sample package. During fish spoilage trials, the PANI/TPE sensing label exhibited not only visible color changes from emerald green to peacock blue but, more importantly, a fluorescent signal that changed from black to bright blue under ultraviolet (UV) light. The color difference of the sensing label in terms of ΔE values reflected a linear response to the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) concentration within 25.2 mg/100 g (UV light, R2 = 0.976, y = 3.4773x-18.281; natural light, R2 = 0.961, y = 1.373x - 7.2152) at room temperature and within 29.63 mg/100 g (UV light, R2 = 0.994, y = 1.7894x + 44.188; natural light, R2 = 0.984, y = 0.5187x + 13.192) at chilled temperature. These results indicate that consumers can judge fish freshness with the naked eye. Moreover, fish producers can extract ΔE data from sensing label photos and calculate TVB-N to quantitatively assess the freshness of fish.
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