Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a highly abundant mycotoxin that exerts many adverse effects on humans and animals. Much effort has been made to control DON in the past, and bio-transformation has emerged as the most promising method. However, useful and effective application of bacterial bio-transformation for the purpose of inhibiting DON remains urgently needed. The current study isolated a novel DON detoxifying bacterium, Slackia sp. D-G6 (D-G6), from chicken intestines. D-G6 is a Gram-positive, non-sporulating bacterium, which ranges in size from 0.2–0.4 μm × 0.6–1.0 μm. D-G6 de-epoxidizes DON into a non-toxic form called DOM-1. Optimum conditions required for degradation of DON are 37–47 °C and a pH of 6–10 in WCA medium containing 50% chicken intestinal extract. Besides DON detoxification, D-G6 also produces equol (EQL) from daidzein (DZN), which shows high estrogenic activity, and prevents estrogen-dependent and age-related diseases effectively. Furthermore, the genome of D-G6 was sequenced and characterized. Thirteen genes that show potential for DON de-epoxidation were identified via comparative genomics. In conclusion, a novel bacterium that exhibits the dual function of detoxifying DON and producing the beneficial natural estrogen analogue, EQL, was identified.
Highlights
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that is mainly produced by multiple Fusariums.It contaminates wheat, maize, and other grain crops [1]
As most strains of genus Slackia possess the ability to transform DZN to dihydrodaidzein (DHD), tetrahydrodaidzein (THD), or EQL which are beneficial for animal and human health, especially females [34,35,36,37], we investigated whether D-G6 was capable of transforming DZN
To predict the genes potentially involved in DON de-epoxidation, a genome comparison was made between two bacteria capable of DON de-epoxidation (D-G6 and DII-9) and closely related strains which showed no DON de-epoxidation activity DZET and Raoultibacter timonensis P3277 (P3277), respectively
Summary
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that is mainly produced by multiple Fusariums It contaminates wheat, maize, and other grain crops [1]. Many strategies have been considered for controlling contamination by DON These include the use of antagonists against DON producing Fusarium spp., [20], cultivation of transgenic crops [21,22,23], preventing damage to grains during harvest, and maintaining critical factors important for storage. Novel bacteria capable of DON de-epoxidation are required in order to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved and to develop effective DON detoxification methods. The current study screened and identified a novel bacterium with novel function from chicken intestines that detoxifies DON and transforms daidzein (DZN). Metabolic and genomic characteristics of this strain were investigated and potential genes involved in DON de-epoxidation were analyzed
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