Dual Energy Technique Adds Value to Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Analysis with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced CT: A 100 Nodule Experience

Abstract

A highly sensitive test for evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) involves a 5-phase, contrast enhanced CT evaluation which can be fraught with technical error. The goal of this study is to determine if qualitative evaluation of iodine maps with dual energy CT (DECT) can add value to SPN evaluation.100 patients had their SPN evaluated with traditional quantitative analysis and qualitative evaluation with iodine maps generated from DECT data acquired at 80 kVp and 140 kVp. Quantitative analysis served as the gold standard. Quantitative analysis was performed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes. Qualitative Iodine maps analysis was performed at 1 and 2 minutes. Sensitivity and specificity were 63% and 95%, and 73% and 91%, respectively, at 1 and 2 minutes. Combined analysis resulted in sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 94%. Six of 7 false negatives on combined analysis were stable for 2 years and the seventh was lost to follow up after 1 year. Of 5 false positives on combined analysis; 2 were due to 'bleed-through of calcium' on iodine maps, 2 were positive on 3 and 4-minute quantitative analysis with one biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma. Qualitative analysis of Iodine maps generated using DECT data can be easily performed and may provide more effective evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule when combined with traditional analysis. This method warrants further investigation with larger patient populations, comparison with PET-CT, and evaluation of outcomes including long-term nodule stability and tissue diagnosis.