Dual-additives enable stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces for long life Li-SPAN batteries

Abstract

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is proposed as a promising cathode material for lithium sulfur batteries. However, the continuous side reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interfaces as well as the slow redox kinetics of SPAN cathode deteriorate the electrochemical performance. In this study, an electrolyte with dual-additives comprising 2-fluoropyridine (2-FP) and lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate (LiDFBOP) was used to improve the performance of Li||SPAN cells. 2-FP has a lower lowest occupied molecular orbital energy than that of the solvents in the electrolyte, leading to its prior reduction. A LiF-rich film can be formed on the electrode, effectively improving the stability of the electrolyte-electrode interfaces and prolonging the life. Simultaneously, LiDFBOP could form an electrolyte-electrode interface film containing a large amount of LixPOyFz species, compensating for the kinetic deterioration caused by the lower ionic conductive of LiF formed at the electrolyte-electrode interface. Hence, an electrode-interface film with good chemical stability and high Li+ transport was established by LiF and LixPOyFz-rich species. The Li||SPAN cell with the electrolyte containing dual-additives demonstrates an excellent capacity retention of 97.5% after 200 cycles at 1.0 C, 25 °C, comparing to 56.2% capacity retention without additives. Moreover, the rate capacities of cells with dual-additives can reach 1128.1 mAh/g at 5 C, comparing to only 813.5 mAh/g using electrolyte without additives. Our results shown that the dual-additives in electrolyte provide a promising strategy for practical application of lithium sulfur batteries with SPAN cathodes.