Dry Deposition of Sulfur Containing Species to the Water Surface Sampler at Two Sites

Abstract

Sulfate dry deposition increases the deteriorating effects on environment. Sulfate can be deposited from atmosphere to water via both particulate (SO42 :sulfate)and a gas(SO2:sulfurdioxide)form.In this research, the fluxes of gaseous(SO2)and particulate(SO42)species were measured employing a water surface sampler(WSS)and glass fiber filters(GFFs)ontheknife−edge surrogate surface(KSSs)in the campus of Uludag University and the city of Bursa, Turkey.Sampling program was conducte dinter mittently between September2004and March2005.Average to talsulfate fluxes measured with the WS Satthe Uludag University campus and in the city of Bursa were58 ± 41and235 ± 43 mgm−2d−1, respectively.The to talsulfate fluxe smeasure dat Bursa were highe rand this was probably due to greater sulfur containing species in it satmosphere.The dry deposition of gas eous SO2flux was calculated by sub tracting the particulate flux collected with the KSS s from the total flux(particulate sulfate plus SO2flux)obtained by the WSS.Anautomatic SO2analyzer was used concurrently to measure the ambient concentration of gas eous SO2. The average SO2gas fluxes and ambient SO2concentrations were18 ± 28and54 ± 48 mgm⊟2day⊟1and11 ± 7and49 ± 14 μgm⊟3for the campus and the city, respectively.The measured gaseous SO2fluxes and ambient concentrations were used to calculate the mass transfer coefficient.The calculated MTC values for the campus and the city were0.8 ± 1.0and1.2 ± 1.1 cms⊟1, respectively.The sevalues wereinag reement with previously reported dry deposition velocities for SO2.