Abstract
Cadmium contaminated rice should be carefully treated by considering two aspects: full recovery of cadmium without risks of emission to environment, and energy balance between input and consumption. Separate treatment of rice grain and rice straw not only generates cadmium contained wastewater but also produces solid residue with livestock feed potentials. This study investigated a dry biorefining treatment to convert whole rice biomass (both grain and straw) into bioethanol at a reasonable energy balance and without solids residue potentials. The cadmium contained wastewater was significantly reduced and further completely evaporated into cadmium-free steam for recycled use in the treatment. The cadmium contained lignin solids were completely burned to evaporate the wastewater. The final cadmium content in combustion ash was enriched by 5–7 folds compared to raw rice biomass. The simulation showed that the heat generation from lignin residue combustion compensated for the energy requirement of wastewater evaporation. This study provides a fully converged treatment method of cadmium contaminated rice biomass on both cadmium and energy consumption with value added bioethanol production.
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