Abstract
Bacteria employ numerous resistance mechanisms against structurally distinct drugs by the process of multidrug resistance. A study was planned to discover the antibacterial potential of a graphene oxide nanosheet (GO), a graphene oxide–zinc oxide nanocomposite (GO/ZnO), a graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite (GO–CS), a zinc oxide decorated graphene oxide–chitosan nanocomposite (GO–CS/ZnO), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) alone and in a blend with antibiotics against a PS-2 isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These nanocomposites reduced the MIC of tetracycline (TET) from 16 folds to 64 folds against a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate. Efflux pumps were interfered, as evident by an ethidium bromide synergy study with nanocomposites, as well as inhibiting biofilm synthesis. These nanoparticles/nanocomposites also decreased the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of TET. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on nanomaterials as a synergistic agent via inhibition of efflux and biofilm synthesis.
Highlights
Disease is a condition of comprehensive physical abnormality and physiological disorder (WHO)
Antibiotics are treated as the marvel of drugs to fight against microbes, but the rampant and unaware use of drugs with limited knowledge of targets, lack of novel antibiotics and vaccines have increased the level of resistance in bacterial pathogens [2,3,4]
The presence of zinc oxide (ZnO), chitosan (CS), and graphene oxide (GO) separately in the synthesized nanocomposite graphene oxide nanosheet (GO)–CS/zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) was verified by using FTIR technique
Summary
Disease is a condition of comprehensive physical abnormality and physiological disorder (WHO). Communicable diseases are the major causes of illness and death worldwide [1]. Antibiotics are treated as the marvel of drugs to fight against microbes, but the rampant and unaware use of drugs with limited knowledge of targets, lack of novel antibiotics and vaccines have increased the level of resistance in bacterial pathogens [2,3,4]. The continuous burden of antibiotics on microbes helps in the evolvement of single drugresistant, multidrug-resistant, and total drug-resistant bacteria [4,5,6]. Bacterial infections refer to the proliferation of a harmful strain on the surface or inside of the host body. They can infect any part of the body. Some Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria cause many of the deadliest diseases. The Enterobacteriaceae family, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Helicobacter, and Treponema spp., are reported
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