Abstract
Novel coronavirus first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it speedily expanded globally. Some medications which are used to treat other diseases seem to be effective in treating COVID-19 even without explicit support. The existing drugs that are summarized in this review primarily focused on therapeutic agents that possessed activity against other RNA viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Drug repurposing or repositioning is a promising field in drug discovery that identifies new therapeutic opportunities for existing drugs such as corticosteroids, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, interferons, protease inhibitors, ivermectin, melatonin, teicoplanin, and some others. A search for new drug/drug targets is underway. Thus, blocking coronavirus structural protein, targeting viral enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, and membrane fusion blocker (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and CD147 inhibitor) are major sites based on molecular targets for the management of COVID-19 infection. The possible impact of biologics for the management of COVID19 is promising and includes a wide variety of options such as cytokines, nucleic acid-based therapies targeting virus gene expression, bioengineered and vectored antibodies, and various types of vaccines. This review demonstrates that the available data are not sufficient to suggest any treatment for the eradication of COVID-19 to be used at the clinical level. This article aims to review the roles of existing drugs and drug targets for COVID-19 treatment.
Highlights
COVID-19 virus belongs to a family of viruses that can cause various symptoms, including fever, breathlessness, pneumonia, and pulmonary infections [1]
19 in different parts of countries, there is a lack of reviews that comprehensively express novel targets for the management of COVID-19 infection in a different country. us, this review summarizes the roles of existing drugs, potential drugs, and novel drug targets for COVID-19 treatment
All inhibition of Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) through sitagliptin/siRNA, a DPP4 inhibitor reduced the activity of the MERS-CoV S protein on IL-1 receptor-associated kinase, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors, and IL-10 suggesting that hindering the DPP4 receptors could have a significant role in the modulation of the COVID-19 infection immune response [115]
Summary
COVID-19 virus belongs to a family of viruses that can cause various symptoms, including fever, breathlessness, pneumonia, and pulmonary infections [1]. February 11, 2020, WHO gave an official name as coronavirus disease 2019 abbreviated as COVID-19. In this name, “CO” stands for “corona,” “VI” for “virus,” and “D” for the disease [3, 4]. Coronavirus is an enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, from the genus betacoronavirus, that is distributed in birds, humans, and other mammals [6]. Coronavirus comprises four subfamilies: delta, gamma, beta, and alpha coronaviruses Among these subfamilies, alpha- and betacoronavirus originate from mammals, from bats; gamma- and delta-viruses originate from pigs and birds [3]. Us, this review summarizes the roles of existing drugs, potential drugs, and novel drug targets for COVID-19 treatment 19 in different parts of countries, there is a lack of reviews that comprehensively express novel targets for the management of COVID-19 infection in a different country. us, this review summarizes the roles of existing drugs, potential drugs, and novel drug targets for COVID-19 treatment
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