Drug-Herb Synergistic Interactions between Clopidogrel and Natural Medicine.

Abstract

Natural medicine (NM) has been used since ancient times for therapeutic purposes worldwide. Presently, the combination of clopidogrel and NM with a reasonable synergistic effect has gained increasing acceptance in clinical therapeutics. Here, we have performed a comprehensive retrieval of literature published in both English and Chinese databases until August 1, 2022, studying the synergistic interactions of clopidogrel and NM through pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) analyses. We retrieved 7, 3, and 5 studies on PK analysis and 3, 3, and 8 studies on PD analysis for the interaction of clopidogrel with single herbal medicines, bioactive compounds, and herbal prescriptions, respectively. Most studies on NM have been found to mainly focus on preclinical observations, and there have been fewer clinical PK analyses. A potential drug-herb interaction has been observed to occur when clopidogrel and NM were metabolized by an enzyme network comprising P-gp, CES1, and CYP450. In contrast, most PD studies have focused on clinical observations, and few preclinical findings have been reported. Some cases have suggested that the combination of the two types of drugs would alter the antiplatelet efficacy and adverse effects. Studies on PK, however, have shown significant or slightly varying results for the drug prototype and its metabolites. In the combination therapies, the interaction between clopidogrel and NM was found to alter antiplatelet aggregation pathways and P2Y12 receptor function.