Abstract
Present review highlights various drug delivery systems used for delivery of pharmaceutical agents mainly antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, neuropeptides, and other therapeutic substances through the endothelial capillaries (BBB) for CNS therapeutics. In addition, the use of ultrasound in delivery of therapeutic agents/biomolecules such as proline rich peptides, prodrugs, radiopharmaceuticals, proteins, immunoglobulins, and chimeric peptides to the target sites in deep tissue locations inside tumor sites of brain has been explained. In addition, therapeutic applications of various types of nanoparticles such as chitosan based nanomers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, niosomes, beta cyclodextrin carriers, cholesterol mediated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal drug carriers, liposomes, and micelles have been discussed with their recent advancements. Emphasis has been given on the need of physiological and therapeutic optimization of existing drug delivery methods and their carriers to deliver therapeutic amount of drug into the brain for treatment of various neurological diseases and disorders. Further, strong recommendations are being made to develop nanosized drug carriers/vehicles and noninvasive therapeutic alternatives of conventional methods for better therapeutics of CNS related diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need to design nontoxic biocompatible drugs and develop noninvasive delivery methods to check posttreatment clinical fatalities in neuropatients which occur due to existing highly toxic invasive drugs and treatment methods.
Highlights
The brain is a highly sensitive and fragile neuronal organ system that needs a regular supply of fuels, gases, and nutrients to maintain homeostasis and other vital functions
Because of limits imposed by structural barrier (BBB) the delivery of therapeutic drugs to brain remains a challenging task to treat patients suffering from tumors, virus generated neuronal infections, and neurodegenerative diseases
Drugs that could find their way through nonbarrier regions will be preferred to lower down the risk of neuronal injuries, nondelivery, and therapeutic failures
Summary
The brain is a highly sensitive and fragile neuronal organ system that needs a regular supply of fuels, gases, and nutrients to maintain homeostasis and other vital functions. After delivery of therapeutic biomaterials/pharmaceuticals in the brain its physiological accumulation is needed that plays a crucial role in the treatment of pathogenesis related to neuronal diseases [14] Another impor-tant factor in drug delivery is lipid solubility of drug molecules/compounds that may move across the blood brain barrier by simple diffusion. Most psychoactive drugs increase the BBB permeability and decrease the physical restrictiveness of endothelial tight junctions and allow most of the therapeutic molecules to pass through the BBB in large amounts (Figure 3) These drugs are highly invasive and should give only in controlled environment because of the risk of multiple effects. To treat the CNS diseases such as brain tumours, transport protein, peptides, radiopharmaceuticals and other macromolecules are allowed to pass across the blood brain barrier in a controlled concentration For this purpose nanoparticle delivery methods are proved to be more promising than any other method available. Safer nontoxic delivery vehicles and biocompatible drugs to overcome the problem of clinical failures and posttreatment fatalities [19]
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