Abstract
Drought stress, being the inevitable factor that exists in various environments without recognizing borders and no clear warning thereby hampering plant biomass production, quality, and energy. It is the key important environmental stress that occurs due to temperature dynamics, light intensity, and low rainfall. Despite this, its cumulative, not obvious impact and multidimensional nature severely affects the plant morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes with adverse impact on photosynthetic capacity. Coping with water scarcity, plants evolve various complex resistance and adaptation mechanisms including physiological and biochemical responses, which differ with species level. The sophisticated adaptation mechanisms and regularity network that improves the water stress tolerance and adaptation in plants are briefly discussed. Growth pattern and structural dynamics, reduction in transpiration loss through altering stomatal conductance and distribution, leaf rolling, root to shoot ratio dynamics, root length increment, accumulation of compatible solutes, enhancement in transpiration efficiency, osmotic and hormonal regulation, and delayed senescence are the strategies that are adopted by plants under water deficit. Approaches for drought stress alleviations are breeding strategies, molecular and genomics perspectives with special emphasis on the omics technology alteration i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, glyomics and phenomics that improve the stress tolerance in plants. For drought stress induction, seed priming, growth hormones, osmoprotectants, silicon (Si), selenium (Se) and potassium application are worth using under drought stress conditions in plants. In addition, drought adaptation through microbes, hydrogel, nanoparticles applications and metabolic engineering techniques that regulate the antioxidant enzymes activity for adaptation to drought stress in plants, enhancing plant tolerance through maintenance in cell homeostasis and ameliorates the adverse effects of water stress are of great potential in agriculture.
Highlights
Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses during growth and development under natural and agricultural conditions
Use of best management practices related to sowing time, plant population, plant genotype, and soil and nutrient management can help to reduce grain yield losses in field crops subjected to drought stress [81,82]
AtGolS2 metabolic engineering is considered a useful approach and a significant tool to increase grain yield under water deficit conditions [256]. Both the biotic and abiotic stresses are a serious threat for global food security and plant production sustainability
Summary
Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses during growth and development under natural and agricultural conditions. Plants have the ability to reduce their resource utilization and adjust their growth to cope against adverse environmental conditions like drought [14,15]. The stomatal regulation of plants through enhanced ion transport, transcription factor activities and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling are involved in the molecular mechanisms of plant response to drought stress [18,19]. For enhancement of water-use efficiency, when physical adaptation of roots and leaves are not enough to cope with certain drought molecular signals including the gene coding regularity protein that expresses many other genes and signals through crosstalk according to different regulatory mechanisms [20,21]. To meet future food demand, fostering more work on drought-tolerant plants and the use of economical and beneficial agriculture practices will be of paramount importance [22,23]
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