Abstract
Determining the role of plant secondary metabolites in stress conditions is problematic due to the diversity of their structures and the complexity of their interdependence with different biological pathways. Correlation of metabolomic data with the genetic background provides essential information about the features of metabolites. LC-MS analysis of leaf metabolites from 100 barley recombinant inbred lines (RILs) revealed that 98 traits among 135 detected phenolic and terpenoid compounds significantly changed their level as a result of drought stress. Metabolites with similar patterns of change were grouped in modules, revealing differences among RILs and parental varieties at early and late stages of drought. The most significant changes in stress were observed for ferulic and sinapic acid derivatives as well as acylated glycosides of flavones. The tendency to accumulate methylated compounds was a major phenomenon in this set of samples. In addition, the polyamine derivatives hordatines as well as terpenoid blumenol C derivatives were observed to be drought related. The correlation of drought-related compounds with molecular marker polymorphisms resulted in the definition of metabolomic quantitative trait loci in the genomic regions of single-nucleotide polymorphism 3101-111 and simple sequence repeat Bmag0692 with multiple linkages to metabolites. The associations pointed to genes related to the defence response and response to cold, heat and oxidative stress, but not to genes related to biosynthesis of the compounds. We postulate that the significant metabolites have a role as antioxidants, regulators of gene expression and modulators of protein function in barley during drought.
Highlights
Many physiological functions of plants, including their response to environmental stresses, depend to a large extent on secondary metabolites from several structural classes (Cheynier et al, 2013)
The raw chromatographic UV data submitted for joint analysis were exported from the Empower software in the form of a (13 201 retention time points 92 wavelengths 91632 samples) table
Glycosides and acylated glycosides of flavones created the most numerous groups of metabolites identified, whereas phenylpropenoic acid derivatives were observed in smaller numbers
Summary
Many physiological functions of plants, including their response to environmental stresses, depend to a large extent on secondary metabolites from several structural classes (Cheynier et al, 2013). The large number of different structures arise from the various combinations of multiple hydroxyl groups, methyl groups, glycosides and acyl substituents on the basic C6–C3 and C6–C3–C6 skeletons in phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, respectively (Cheynier et al, 2013). These modifications affect physicochemical properties such as the stability, solubility and biological activity of substituted compounds (Plaza et al, 2014). Phenolic compounds are a significant group of non-enzymatic antioxidants involved in the response to and tolerance of moisture deficit (Nakabayashi et al, 2014) Their high antioxidant activity depends on structural features
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