Abstract
Deadly force may be employed lawfully in UN peace operations to defend both mission and personal property, but in limited circumstances. Premised on self-defence, legal authority to use deadly force extends to protection of ‘inherently dangerous property’. UN-specific customary law also supports forceful protection of ‘mission-essential’ property, when proportionate to overall mission objectives. Deadly force may not be used to protect other types of property on peacekeeping operations, whether or not Chapter VII is invoked. This restrictive regime also applies during peace enforcement operations involving armed conflict, to restrict use of deadly force against civilians, though not combatants. In all circumstances, adherence to principles of necessity and proportionality is required. Practical demands of modern UN peace operations require further doctrinal articulation of these principles.
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