Abstract
Human Factors concerns exist with vehicle navigation systems, particularly relating to the effects of current Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) on driver disengagement from the environment. A road study was conducted aiming to provide initial input for the development of intelligent HMIs for in-vehicle systems, using the traditional collaborative navigation relationship between the driver and passenger to inform future design. Sixteen drivers navigated a predefined route in the city of Coventry, UK with the assistance of an existing vehicle navigation system (SatNav), whereas a further 16 followed the navigational prompts of a passenger who had been trained along the same route. Results found that there were no significant differences in the number of navigational errors made on route for the two different methods. However, drivers utilising a collaborative navigation approach had significantly better landmark and route knowledge than their SatNav counterparts. Analysis of individual collaborative transcripts revealed the large individual differences in descriptor use by passengers and reference to environmental landmarks, illustrating the potential for the replacement of distance descriptors in vehicle navigation systems. Results are discussed in the context of future HMIs modelled on a collaborative navigation relationship.Practitioner Summary: Current navigation systems have been associated with driver environmental disengagement, this study uses an on-road approach to look at how the driver–passenger collaborative relationship and dialogue can inform future navigation HMI design. Drivers navigating with passenger assistance demonstrated enhanced landmark and route knowledge over drivers navigating with a SatNav.
Highlights
Navigation systems within vehicles aim to support drivers in the planning and following Page 2 of 36 of efficient routes
It is this minimal awareness of context, for an individual driver in a specific navigational scenario, where current systems are notably different from the traditional collaborative navigation relationship between the driver and passenger (Forlizzi, Barley and Seder, 2010)
This paper investigates the collaborative relationship between the driver and the passenger to understand how a driver’s need for navigational assistance can fluctuate throughout a journey, looking in quantitative terms at the descriptors that individuals use when forming route directions and the timing that these directions are issued to the driver, comparing this information amongst individuals and to that which is issued by a vehicle navigation device
Summary
Navigation systems within vehicles aim to support drivers in the planning and following Page 2 of 36 of efficient routes. It has been established that current systems are largely passive in the way that they present information to the driver, that is, information flow is one way (from system to driver), rather than a two-way intelligent dialogue (Leshed, Velden, Rieger, Kot & Sengers, 2008) This is in contrast to the traditional in-car navigation relationship between the driver and the passenger where the driver is able to continually check their understanding of the route, provide their input and mediate directions where they may have local knowledge. ‘turn left in 400 yards’ or ‘turn right onto Wicksten drive’ This auditory prompt is usually accompanied with a visual representation of the turn, which may be in the form of an arrow or a simulated representation of the junction (Burnett, 2000; May & Ross, 2006). SatNav systems employ a distanceto-turn countdown icon and/or numeric that updates in real time, reducing the distance information to zero as the manoeuvre is approached (May & Ross, 2006)
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