Abstract
Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter influencing drinking water temperature is soil temperature, which is influenced by the urban heat island effects. This paper provides critique and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, policies and challenges regarding drinking water temperature research and presents the findings from a survey of international stakeholders. Knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities for monitoring and research are identified. The conclusion of the study is that temperature in the DWDS is an emerging concern in various countries regardless of the water source and treatment, climate conditions, or network characteristics such as topology, pipe material or diameter. More research is needed, especially to determine (i) the effect of higher temperatures, (ii) a legislative limit on temperature and (iii) measures to comply with this limit.
Highlights
A drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is an integral part of a water supply network comprising pipelines, storage facilities and associated assets to carry potable water from treatment plant(s) to water consumers in order to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and firefighting requirements
A questionnaire was sent to 18 participants of the European Project WatQual
A range of issues related to water temperature in drinking distribution systems and its potential impact on water quality in these systems was addressed in this paper
Summary
A drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is an integral part of a water supply network comprising pipelines, storage facilities and associated assets to carry potable water from treatment plant(s) to water consumers in order to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and firefighting requirements. Whether or not a disinfectant residual is present, a variety of water quality reactions are taking place between microorganisms (present in biofilms, sediments and free-floating in the water column), inorganic contaminants, such as corrosion byproducts, and nutrients. These complex reactions are influenced by source water quality (after treatment), hydraulic conditions in the DWDS (driven by customer demands), nature and condition of the infrastructure and temperature [4]
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