Abstract
Abstract Biological invasions are leading several species to extinction and are projected as a main driver of biodiversity changes in lakes for this century. However, the knowledge of their impacts on the Neotropical ichthyofauna over time remains largely incipient, especially when considering the functional diversity of native communities. Here we aim to identify the effects of non-native species, especially the non-native piscivorous Cichla kelberi and Pygocentrus nattereri, on the functional diversity of the native ichthyofauna of the Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais. Using fish occurrence data for eight years from 1983 to 2010 combined with an ecomorphological-trait analysis, we found that while the native species richness dropped to 56%, the functional richness is only 27% of that found before introductions. In other words, more than species, the ichthyofauna suffered an impressive decline in the range of functional traits, which can further have severe impacts on ecological processes within that system. When considering all the components of the current ichthyofauna (native and non-native species), neither taxonomic nor functional richness have changed over time. However, even keeping biodiversity levels, non-native species are not able to fully compensate for the extinct native ones in terms of functions.
Highlights
Image Processing with ImageJ by Dr Michael D
As the popularity of the ImageJ open-source, Java-based imaging program grows, its capabilities increase, too. It is being used for imaging applications ranging from skin analysis to neuroscience
The motion field is too dense for motion and surface to be rendered in the same place
Summary
Image Processing with ImageJ by Dr Michael D. The ubiquitousness of digital technology — from banal digital cameras to highly specific micro-CT scanners — has made images an essential part of a number of research areas, from nanotechnology to astronomy It is common practice for manufacturers of image acquisition devices to include dedicated image processing software, but these programs are usually not very flexible and/or do not allow more complex image manipulations. ImageJ holds a unique position because it is in the public domain (meaning that its source code is openly available and its use is license-free), and runs on any operating system It is attractive because it is easy to use, can perform a full set of imaging manipulations and has a huge and knowledgeable user community
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