Abstract
Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the past four decades at the rate of − 4.7% per decade leading to an imbalance in the oceanic heat flux. The study reported that the July 2019 was the warmest month in the Arctic, leading to a substantial sea ice loss in the last 41 years. Consequently, during this month, the lowest sea ice extent (SIE, 7.5 million km2) and sea ice volume (8900 km3) were recorded. The decadal trend of sea ice decline in September 2019 has reached to ca. − 13% per decade. The latest record shows that average SIE during summer 2019 (5.65 million km2) has set a new lowest record after 2012 (5.32 million km2), since the sea ice formation process has been largely hampered during the summer months. The study reveals that the land–ocean warming processes intensifying the sea ice loss and also leading in disruption of the global ocean circulation.
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