Abstract
The orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Quaternary climate changes have played key roles in driving the evolution of flora and fauna in Southwest China, but their effects on higher fungi are poorly addressed. In this study, we investigated the phylogeographic pattern of the Tuber indicum species complex, an economically important fungal group distributed in the Hengduan Mountains region. Our data confirmed the existence of two distinct lineages, T. indicum and T. himalayense, within this species complex. Three geographic groups (Groups W, N and C) were revealed within T. indicum, with Group W found in the paleo-Lancang River region, while Groups N and C corresponded to the two banks along the contemporary Jinsha River, suggesting that rivers have acted as barriers for gene flow among populations from different drainages. Historical range expansion resulted from climate changes was inferred in Group C, contributing to the observed gene flow among geographic populations within this group. Although no significant geographic structure was identified in T. himalayense, evidence of drainage isolation for this species was also detected. Our findings demonstrate that both topographic changes and Quaternary climate oscillations have played important roles in driving the genetic structures of the T. indicum species complex.
Highlights
For different plants and animals[14,15,16,17,18,19,20]
The Tuber indicum species complex, commonly known as the Chinese black truffle, is a group of economically important ectomycorrhizal fungi. It contains two distinctive lineages[22,23,24,25,26,27], both of which form symbiotic relationships with several plant families, such as Pinaceae and Fagaceae[23,26,27]. This species complex is mostly restricted to the Hengduan Mountains region in Southwest China, an area with spectacular rugged mountain ranges and deep gorges carved by the “Three Rivers”, the Jinsha, Lancang and Nu Rivers (Fig. 1b), which are the main upstream tributaries of the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween Rivers, respectively
The T. indicum species complex requires small rodents or other mycophagists to help disperse their spores[28]. Because these barriers can limit the dispersal of the carrier animals of truffles, we hypothesize that the historical tectonic events have significant influence on the genetic structure of the T. indicum species complex
Summary
For different plants and animals[14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. there is evidence for the persistent and stable populations of Quasipaa boulengeri in the mountains of Southwest China through the glacial cycling[6]. It contains two distinctive lineages[22,23,24,25,26,27], both of which form symbiotic relationships with several plant families, such as Pinaceae and Fagaceae[23,26,27] This species complex is mostly restricted to the Hengduan Mountains region in Southwest China, an area with spectacular rugged mountain ranges and deep gorges carved by the “Three Rivers”, the Jinsha, Lancang and Nu Rivers (Fig. 1b), which are the main upstream tributaries of the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween Rivers, respectively. The T. indicum species complex requires small rodents or other mycophagists to help disperse their spores[28] Because these barriers can limit the dispersal of the carrier animals of truffles, we hypothesize that the historical tectonic events have significant influence on the genetic structure of the T. indicum species complex. We aimed to (i) reveal the genetic structure of the T. indicum species complex, (ii) reconstruct its historical demography, and (iii) explore the relative roles of geological and climate changes in shaping the phylogeographic structures of this species complex
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