Abstract
Dr. Jeffrey A. Nystuen was a visionary, innovator, proud student of life-long science learning, and friend. Jeff pioneered the development of the Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL), which was initially the Acoustic Rain Gauge (ARG). The PAL is a low-noise, broadband (100 kHz sampling rate), low-duty cycle, underwater recorder that operates according to an onboard, adaptive sampling protocol. The PAL was one of the first autonomous passive acoustic recorders that could sample for a full year with a frequency range capable of recording dolphin echolocation signals. While originally designed to detect rainfall and estimate the rate of ocean precipitation, the PAL has been used to better understand marine mammal patterns and trends, wind and storms, anthropogenic activity, and sea ice dynamics. The versatility of the PAL has evolved throughout its use from a standalone, archival autonomous recorder to a compact system integrated into Argo floats. PALs have been deployed in the Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans in addition to many regional seas, coastal waters, freshwater lakes, and springs! The vast number of interdisciplinary questions and collaborations centered around the PAL technology highlights Jeff’s creative thinking, which has left a strong legacy in the field of acoustic oceanography.
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