Abstract
BackgroundIt remains to be elucidated whether dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The present study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, administration initiated after onset of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats).MethodsHigh-salt loaded DS rats with established hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy were divided into two groups, and were orally given (1) vehicle or (2) linagliptin (3 mg/kg/day) once a day for 4 weeks, and cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin in DS rats were evaluated.ResultsLinagliptin did not significantly affect blood pressure and blood glucose levels in DS rats. Linagliptin significantly lessened cardiac hypertrophy in DS rats, as estimated by cardiac weight and echocardiographic parameters. Linagliptin significantly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, cardiac macrophage infiltration, and coronary arterial remodeling in DS rats. Furthermore, linagliptin significantly mitigated the impairment of vascular function in DS rats, as shown by the improvement of acetylcholine-induced or sodium nitroprusside-induced vascular relaxation by linagliptin. These cardiovascular protective effects of linagliptin were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase subunits, p67phox and p22 phox, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).ConclusionsOur results provided the experimental evidence that linagliptin treatment initiated after the appearance of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy protected against cardiovascular injury induced by salt-sensitive hypertension, independently of blood pressure and blood glucose. These beneficial effects of linagliptin seem to be attributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and ACE.
Highlights
The development of cardiovascular disease begins with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, etc. [1]
To test our hypothesis that DPP-4 inhibition can suppress cardiovascular injury induced by salt-sensitive hypertension, independently of glycemic control and blood pressure control, we examined the effect of linagliptin [22,23], a DPP-4 inhibitor with unique xanthine-based structure, on cardiovascular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats, a useful model of saltsensitive hypertension
Linagliptin treatment significantly reduced the increase in left ventricular (LV) mass index (P < 0.05), left ventricular posterior diastolic wall thickness (LVPw) (P < 0.01), interventricular septum diastolic wall thickness (IVSd) (P < 0.01), left ventricular enddiastolic diameter (LVDd) (P < 0.05), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVDs) (P < 0.05) of high-salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats)
Summary
The development of cardiovascular disease begins with risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, etc. [1]. Previous preclinical studies show that DPP4 inhibitors prevent cardiac diastolic dysfunction [10] and ameliorate glomerulopathy [11] in insulin-resistant Zucker obese rats, ameliorate vascular dysfunction in experimental sepsis [12], reduce myocardial infarct size in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion model [13], or reduce vascular endothelial oxidative stress [14]. It remains to be defined whether DPP-4 inhibitor can ameliorate cardiovascular injury beyond blood glucose control. The present study was undertaken to test our hypothesis that linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, administration initiated after onset of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy can ameliorate cardiovascular injury in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats)
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