D-Phenylalanine: a putative enkephalinase inhibitor studied in a primate acute pain model

Abstract

d-Phenylalanine, along with morphine, acetylsalicylic acid and zomepirac sodium were evaluated for their antinociceptive actions in monkeys ( M. fascicularis) trained to autoregulate nociceptive stimulation using a discrete-trials, aversive-threshold paradigm. Morphine sulfate produced dose-related increases in aversive threshold which were reversible after administration of naloxone (12.5 or 25 μ/kg i.m.). d-Phenylalanine (500 mg/kg p.o.) produced a small increase in aversive threshold which was not statistically significant and not naloxone reversible. Acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg p.o.) but not zomepirac sodium (200 mg/kg p.o.) in combination with d-phenylalanine (500 mg/kg) produced a small statistically significant increase in aversive threshold. Our results argue against the hypothesis that d-phenylalanine is responsible for increasing aversive thresholds via opiate receptor mechanisms involving increased activity of enkephalins at synaptic loci. Previous studies by others in rats and mice showed that d-phenylalanine and acetylsalicylic acid produced increases in nociceptive thresholds which were naloxone reversible. Our failure to find opiate receptor mediated analgesia in a primate model with demonstrated opiate receptor selectivity and sensitivity is discussed in terms of previous basic and clinical research indicating an analgesic role for d-phenylalanine. Possible species difference in drug action is discussed in terms of inhibition by d-phenylalanine of carboxy-peptidase-like enkephalin processing enzymes as well as inhibition of carboxypeptidase-like enkephalin degrading enzymes.