Abstract
Lavandula pubescens Decne (LP) is one of the three Lavandula species growing wildly in the Dead Sea Valley, Palestine. The products derived from the plant, including the essential oil (EO), have been used in Traditional Arabic Palestinian Herbal Medicine (TAPHM) for centuries as therapeutic agents. The EO is traditionally believed to have sedative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antidepressive, antiamnesia, and antiobesity properties. This study was therefore aimed to assess the in vitro bioactivities associated with the LP EO. The EO was separated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of LP plants and analyzed for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, and antilipase activities. GC-MS was used for phytochemical analysis. The chemical analysis of the EO composition revealed 25 constituents, of which carvacrol (65.27%) was the most abundant. EO exhibited strong antioxidant (IC50 0.16–0.18 μL/mL), antiacetylcholinesterase (IC50 0.9 μL/mL), antibutyrylcholinesterase (IC50 6.82 μL/mL), and antilipase (IC50 1.08 μL/mL) effects. The EO also demonstrated high antibacterial activity with the highest susceptibility observed for Staphylococcus aureus with 95.7% inhibition. The EO was shown to exhibit strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (MIC 0.47 μL/mL). The EO was also shown to possess strong antidermatophyte activity against Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum (EC50 0.05–0.06 μL/mL). The high antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antimicrobial potentials of the EO can, therefore, be correlated with its high content of monoterpenes, especially carvacrol, as shown by its comparable bioactivities indicators results. This study provided new insights into the composition and bioactivities of LP EO. Our finding revealed evidence that LP EO makes a valuable natural source of bioactive molecules showing substantial potential as antioxidant, neuroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial agents. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that LP EO might be useful for further investigation aiming at integrative CAM and clinical applications in the management of dermatophytosis, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity.
Highlights
Introduction e genusLavandula (Lamiaceae), lavender, is a typical aromatic evergreen understory chamaephyte that comprises about 32 species [1], some of them being utilized in complementary and alternative medicine for a long time, either dried or as essential oils (EOs). ree native Lavandula species are growing wild in Palestine (West Bank and Gaza Strip), namely, L. pubescens Decne (Downy lavender), L. stoechas L. (French lavender), and L. coronopifolia Poir. (Staghorn lavender) [2]
Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis. ere are no reports on the EO composition of L. pubescens growing wild in Palestine and only a few such reports are available worldwide [6, 8, 13, 31]
The EO from the Palestinian L. pubescens can be characterized as carvacrol chemotype. e oxygenated monoterpenes were the dominant (73.26%) chemical group within the constituents, followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.84%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (11.79%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.11%). e EO chemical profile in this study is qualitatively comparable to that formerly reported from Yemen where the EO has shown to be carvacrol chemotype (60.9–77.5%) [6, 31]
Summary
Introduction e genusLavandula (Lamiaceae), lavender, is a typical aromatic evergreen understory chamaephyte that comprises about 32 species [1], some of them being utilized in complementary and alternative medicine for a long time, either dried or as essential oils (EOs). ree native Lavandula species are growing wild in Palestine (West Bank and Gaza Strip), namely, L. pubescens Decne (Downy lavender), L. stoechas L. (French lavender), and L. coronopifolia Poir. (Staghorn lavender) [2]. Many pharmacological properties have been reported for lavender EOs, including local anesthetic, sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic [3, 4], cholinesterase inhibitory [5], antioxidant [6, 7], antibacterial, and antifungal effects and inhibition of microbial resistance [6, 8], and they are used for the treatment of inflammation and many neurological disturbances [9]. Is study was, aimed at defining the chemical composition of EO attained from above-ground parts of L. pubescens plants collected from wild populations in the Dead Sea Valley in Palestine, and assessing its potential in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, and antilipase effects and to verify its use as a complementary medicine for the treatment of AD, obesity, and microbial skin infections Many pharmacological properties have been reported for lavender EOs, including local anesthetic, sedative, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic [3, 4], cholinesterase inhibitory [5], antioxidant [6, 7], antibacterial, and antifungal effects and inhibition of microbial resistance [6, 8], and they are used for the treatment of inflammation and many neurological disturbances [9]. e oil has been utilized
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