Double Electron–Electron Resonance Probes Ca2+-Induced Conformational Changes and Dimerization of Recoverin

Abstract

Recoverin, a member of the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) branch of the calmodulin superfamily, is expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells and serves as a calcium sensor in vision. Ca²⁺-induced conformational changes in recoverin cause extrusion of its covalently attached myristate (termed Ca²⁺-myristoyl switch) that promotes translocation of recoverin to disk membranes during phototransduction in retinal rod cells. Here we report double electron-electron resonance (DEER) experiments on recoverin that probe Ca²⁺-induced changes in distance as measured by the dipolar coupling between spin-labels strategically positioned at engineered cysteine residues on the protein surface. The DEER distance between nitroxide spin-labels attached at C39 and N120C is 2.5 ± 0.1 nm for Ca²⁺-free recoverin and 3.7 ± 0.1 nm for Ca²⁺-bound recoverin. An additional DEER distance (5-6 nm) observed for Ca²⁺-bound recoverin may represent an intermolecular distance between C39 and N120. ¹⁵N NMR relaxation analysis and CW-EPR experiments both confirm that Ca²⁺-bound recoverin forms a dimer at protein concentrations above 100 μM, whereas Ca²⁺-free recoverin is monomeric. We propose that Ca²⁺-induced dimerization of recoverin at the disk membrane surface may play a role in regulating Ca²⁺-dependent phosphorylation of dimeric rhodopsin. The DEER approach will be useful for elucidating dimeric structures of NCS proteins in general for which Ca²⁺-induced dimerization is functionally important but not well understood.