Abstract
The purpose of this study was to report the characteristics of an equivalent quality unflattened (eqUF) photon beam in clinical implementation and to provide a generalized method to describe unflattened (UF) photon beam profiles. An unflattened photon beam with a beam quality equivalent to the corresponding flat 6 MV photon beam (WF) was obtained by removing the flattening filter from a Siemens ONCOR Avant‐Garde linear accelerator and adjusting the photon energy. A method independent from the WF beam profile was presented to describe UF beam profiles and other selected beam characteristics were examined. The short‐term beam stability was examined by dynamic beam profiles, recorded every 0.072 s in static and gated delivery, and the long‐term stability was evidenced by the five‐year clinical quality assurance records. The dose rate was raised fivefold using the eqUF beam. The depth of maximum dose (dmax) shifted 3 mm deeper, but the percent depth dose beyond dmax was very similar to that of the WF beam. The surface dose and out‐of‐field dose were lower, but the penumbra was slightly wider. The variation in head scatter and phantom scatter with changes in field size was smaller; the variation in the profile shape with change in depth was also smaller. The eqUF beam is stable 0.072 s after the beam is turned on, and the five‐year beam stability was comparable to that of the WF beam. A fivefold dose rate increase was observed in the eqUF beam with similar beam characteristics to other reported UF beam data except for a deeper dmax and a slightly wider penumbra. The initial and long‐term stability of the eqUF beam profile is on parity with the WF beam. The UF beam profile can be described in the generalized method independently without relying on the WF beam profile.PACS number: 87.55.de
Highlights
Many radiotherapy technologies in use today such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and gated treatments prolong treatment time
The dose rate in the UF beam obtained by removing the flattening filter increased by a factor of 2, compared to the dose rate in the original with a flattening filter (WF) beam
If the UF beam is obtained by removing the flattening filter without any other change in beam control parameters, the dose rate of the energy unaltered UF beam was increased twofold. This is consistent with data reported by various other groups.[9,10,12,24] But when the UF beam energy was adjusted so that the beam quality matches that of the original WF beam, the dose rate increased fivefold compared to the WF beam
Summary
Many radiotherapy technologies in use today such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and gated treatments prolong treatment time. One way to reduce the treatment time is to increase the dose rate by removing the flattening filter. A dose-rate increase of about twofold for 6 MV photon beams was observed in linear accelerators from various vendors[9,10] by removing the flattening filter. Previous UF beam studies reported changes in beam characteristics such as the energy spectrum and lateral photon fluence fall-off. Various other advantages, such as a reduction in head scatter and electron contamination, were reported.[7,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]
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