Abstract
This study investigates the dosimetric dependence of the dimension of a lead (Pb) layer for shielding using clinical electron beams with different energies. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate phase space files for the 4, 9 and 16 MeV electron beams produced by a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator using the EGSnrc‐based BEAMnrc code, and validated by measurements using films. Pb layers with different thicknesses (2, 4, 6 and 8 mm) and diameters (2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 cm) were placed at the center of an electron field on a solid water phantom. Beam profiles were determined at the depth of maximum dose (dm) using Monte Carlo simulations. The dose profiles under the Pb layer at dm, including the penumbra at the edge of the layer and relative dose at the central beam axis (CAX), were studied with varying thicknesses and diameters of Pb. It is found that 2 mm of Pb is adequate to provide 5 half value layer (HVL) attenuation for the 4 MeV electron beams, and the beam profiles at dm are dependent on the diameter but not the thickness of the Pb. However, for the 9 and 16 MeV electron beams, the relative dose at the CAX and dm depends on both the thickness and diameter of the Pb layer. For 8 mm thickness of Pb, 4 and 5 HVL attenuation of electron beams with energies of 9 and 16 MeV can be achieved at dm, respectively. Moreover, the beam profile under the Pb layer at dm depends on: (1) the penumbra region at the edge of the Pb layer; (2) the beam attenuation varying with the thickness of the Pb layer; (3) the electron side scatter contributing to the CAX under the Pb layer; and (4) the photon contamination produced by the Pb layer. A parameter called “shielding area factor” (defined as the ratio of the length between two points of 50% relative doses in the beam profile at dm to the diameter of the Pb layer) is suggested to predict the required size and thickness of Pb for shielding a target with known dimension at dm. The dosimetric data calculated by Monte Carlo simulations in this study are useful to select the suitable thickness and size of Pb for the protection of critical tissue in electron radiotherapy.PACS number: 87.53.Bn; 87.55.kh and 87.55.km.
Highlights
76 Chow et al.: MC study on lead shield in electron radiotherapy lead (Pb) is used as shielding.[1]
One of the common concerns is the dose enhancement to the critical tissue due to the electron backscatter from the Pb shield.[1,4,5] There have been many studies regarding Monte Carlo simulations or measurements using TLD, films, metal-oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and plane parallel ionization chamber on the electron backscatter from Pb irradiated by photon and electron beams.[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] Other studies of electron backscatter focused on commercial eye shields made of either Pb or W.(2,3) A more general approach using different thicknesses of Pb layers was used in this study to determine the dosimetry of backscatter at the Pb-tissue interface
Results of Monte Carlo simulations studying the dependences of the electron backscatter on the beam obliquity, energy, thickness of Pb, and depth of the Pb-tissue interface using the EGSnrc-based code have recently been published.[11]. In addition, the relatively new MOSFET dosimeter was examined to determine the electron-backscattered dose accurately at the Pbtissue interface.[12,13] related studies concerning the effect of the dimensions of the Pb layer on the dose distribution under the Pb shield is lacking
Summary
76 Chow et al.: MC study on lead shield in electron radiotherapy lead (Pb) is used as shielding.[1]. One of the common concerns is the dose enhancement to the critical tissue due to the electron backscatter from the Pb shield.[1,4,5] There have been many studies regarding Monte Carlo simulations or measurements using TLD, films, metal-oxidesemiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), and plane parallel ionization chamber on the electron backscatter from Pb irradiated by photon and electron beams.[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11] Other studies of electron backscatter focused on commercial eye shields made of either Pb or W.(2,3) A more general approach using different thicknesses of Pb layers was used in this study to determine the dosimetry of backscatter at the Pb-tissue interface
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