Dosage optimization of polyaluminum chloride by the application of convolutional neural network to the floc images captured in jar tests

Abstract

The optimization of the coagulation of floc remains challenging because it is affected by various factors, including the pH, turbidity, and alkalinity. A jar test is a reliable method to optimize the coagulation conditions; however, it is time-consuming and requires an experienced technician. A convolutional neural network (CNN) can be used to extract the specific image characteristics via learning processes to construct image classification models. In this study, we applied a CNN for predicting the jar test performance. Artificial water adjusted with kaolin and commercial humic acid was initially used. The floc image was recorded using a video camera during the jar test, and models for predicting the turbidity of the supernatants were constructed by inputting the recorded floc images and the level of turbidity as the training dataset. The learning curve denoted that all the models exhibited 100% accuracy during the learning process, clearly indicating that the CNN worked appropriately with respect to the extraction of the characteristics of the floc images and the determination of their settleability. Subsequently, the overfitting level was investigated by inputting the test data into the models. The maximum prediction accuracy of all the models exceeded 96%. The initial 100 s of the model’s learning of the floc images achieved a maximum accuracy of 99.6%, i.e., the images captured during rapid mixing were sufficient to ensure the reliability of the model. The applicability of the model to natural water samples was also investigated using samples obtained during different months. Even though the accuracy for natural water was lower than that for artificial water, 90% accuracy was achieved even when fluctuating natural water was used, demonstrating the applicability of a CNN to extract the characteristics of the floc governing its settleability and to immediately as well as automatically predict the state of coagulation.