Abstract
This paper describes the development of a consistent model system to measure spontaneous imbibition and determine saturation functions in unconsolidated porous media. Sand grains or glass beads were packed in up to 0.5 m long, transparent glass tubes with optical access to local saturation development during spontaneous imbibition processes. The Two Ends Open-Free spontaneous imbibition (TEOFSI) boundary condition was used, where one end face is exposed to the wetting fluid and the other end to the non-wetting fluid. Dynamic measurement of the advancing displacement front and volumetric production from each open end-face enabled estimation of capillary pressure and relative permeability for the system. A range of wetting- and non-wetting phase viscosities and viscosity ratios was used during spontaneous imbibition in unconsolidated sand or glass packs. Wetting phase (water) viscosity was increased using water soluble glycerol or polymers. Air or mineral oil of varying composition provided a wide range of non-wetting phase viscosities. High permeable systems are extremely sensitive to laboratory properties, which may dominate the viscous resistance and determine flow behaviour. Systematic discrepancies observed in early testing indicated that end effects were present, even in long systems, in the filters at each end of the glass tube to maintain the grains or beads in place. Different filters were tested (no filter, glass, paper and micro-porous discs) to determine the impact of the filter on spontaneous imbibition. In addition to slower oil recovery than anticipated, developmentof a non-uniform displacement front was observed, demonstrating the large influence from minute heterogeneities within the packs, and at the end faces. A standard sand grain packing procedure, using a custom-designed packing device, was therefore developed to ensure homogeneous properties throughout theporous media, and limited the spread in porosity and permeability values. Homogeneous sand packs with reproducible properties are necessary, to systematically investigate flow parameters and changes in wettability in unconsolidated porous media.
Highlights
The use of unconsolidated sand or glass bead packs in flooding studies is well documented
The study of spontaneous imbibition is of widespread interest, and several research groups are actively studying various aspects of spontaneous imbibition including; pressures acting during spontaneous imbibition (Li, Ruth, et al [1]), capillary back pressure and relative permeability behind the imbibition front (Haugen, Fernø et al [2]), imaging of front development (Fernø, Haugen et al [3]), and entrapment of the non-wetting phase during spontaneous imbibition (Meng, Liu et al [4])
capillary back pressure (CBP), often referred to as the bubble pressure, is the capillary pressure associated with formation of non-wetting phase droplets at an end face covered by wetting fluid, and is strongly connected to the amount of counter-current oil production in Two Ends Open- Free Spontaneous Imbibition (TEOFSI) experiments
Summary
The use of unconsolidated sand or glass bead packs in flooding studies is well documented. Liu et al [4] used TEOFSI boundary conditions to investigate spontaneous imbibition into unconsolidated sand, using cylindrical glass tubes to visualize the imbibition process Their setup featured a sandstone core piece between the unconsolidated sand pack and imbibing fluid, which controls the capillary back pressure (CBP) and, counter-current oil production. This work aimed to create an experimental setup where co-current spontaneous imbibition in unconsolidated porous media could be studied in detail, especially focusing on the impact of viscosity ratio between the wetting and nonwetting phase on the imbibition process This was achieved by packing the sand or glass beads into cylindrical glass tubes, of 2.04 cm diameter and lengths varying from 0.09 m to 0.5 m. Four different experimental setups are considered and described in this paper
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