Abstract
The frequency distribution of energy in direct path echoes from three schools of pelagic fish is presented. One-half-second 30-kHz CW pulses were used to study motions internal to the fish schools from distances up to 1200 m. The measured Doppler spread of echo energy ranged from 30 Hz to 70 Hz. The Doppler spread-at-side aspect is related to swimming motions by a simple algebraic model based on Bainbridge's equation relating fish swimming speed, length, tail-beat amplitude, and tail-beat frequency. The mathematical model was used to estimate the length of the fish in two of the schools. These length estimates agree with average fish lengths derived from school cruising speeds. Near head or tail aspect, the observed Doppler structure appears to be related to behavioral swimming characteristics.
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