Abstract
Over the last decade vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has received a lot of attention as it is a crucial issue in intravehicle communication as well as in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In ITS the focus is placed on integration of communication between mobile and fixed infrastructure to execute road safety as well as nonsafety information dissemination. The safety application such as emergence alerts lays emphasis on low-latency packet delivery rate (PDR), whereas multimedia and infotainment call for high data rates at low bit error rate (BER). The nonsafety information includes multimedia streaming for traffic information and infotainment applications such as playing audio content, utilizing navigation for driving, and accessing Internet. A lot of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) research has focused on specific areas including channel multiplexing, antenna diversity, and Doppler shift compensation schemes in an attempt to optimize BER performance. Despite this effort few surveys have been conducted to highlight the state-of-the-art collection on Doppler shift compensation schemes. Driven by this cause we survey some of the recent research activities in Doppler shift compensation schemes and highlight challenges and solutions as a stock-taking exercise. Moreover, we present open issues to be further investigated in order to address the challenges of Doppler shift in VANETs.
Highlights
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have revolutionized road transport as the desire for improved safety through accident avoidance and nonsafety information dissemination gathers momentum
Recent researches have highlighted significant challenges to VANET deployment [7]. These challenges include inadequate bandwidth to meet the conditions imposed by the safety and nonsafety applications [8], low packet delivery rate (PDR) arising from congestion in dense traffic networks [9], and high bit error rate (BER) due to Doppler shift degradation caused by high node mobility [10]
A survey of Doppler shift compensation schemes in high-mobility wireless networks has been undertaken based on a new classification comprising six different schemes as illustrated in the taxonomy
Summary
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have revolutionized road transport as the desire for improved safety through accident avoidance and nonsafety information dissemination gathers momentum. Recent researches have highlighted significant challenges to VANET deployment [7] These challenges include inadequate bandwidth to meet the conditions imposed by the safety and nonsafety applications [8], low packet delivery rate (PDR) arising from congestion in dense traffic networks [9], and high BER due to Doppler shift degradation caused by high node mobility [10]. The particular problem arises when the receiver is moving towards the source; the received frequency is increased, whereas if it is moving away from the source the received frequency is decreased [12, 13] This effect, called Doppler Effect, causes a frequency offset with the local oscillator, the Doppler shift, and it is one of the major sources of increased BER experienced in a vehicular channel.
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