Abstract
In otology, visualization and vibratory analysis have been crucial to enhance the success of diagnosis and surgical operation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been employed in otology to obtain morphological structure of tissues non-invasively, owing to the ability of measuring the entire region of tympanic membrane, which compensates the limitations of conventional methods. As a functional extension of OCT, Doppler OCT, which enables the measurement of the motion information with structural data of tissue, has been applied in otology. Over the years, Doppler OCT systems have been evolved in various forms to enhance the measuring sensitivity of phase difference. In this review, we provide representative algorithms of Doppler OCT and various applications in otology from preclinical analysis to clinical experiments and discuss future developments.
Highlights
This study demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for measuring the vibration tendency and analyze the characteristics of each section in the middle ear according to the frequency of externally induced sound
This study demonstrated the feasibility of Doppler OCT as a clinical tool of diagnosis and investigation of the status of the middle ear non-invasively
In addition to the clinical applications with Doppler OCT as a diagnostic tool, Kim et al [79] presented the highly phase-stable optical coherence vibrometry (OCV), which was attached to a surgical microscope as an accessory to apply for clinical diagnosis and surgeries in the operation room
Summary
Visualization and functional analysis for vibratory properties of the ear structure (e.g., middle and inner ear) are required to diagnose various ear-related diseases (e.g., acute otitis media, hearing loss, middle ear effusion, bullous myringitis, and traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM)) in otology [1,2,3,4,5]. Since the initiation of Doppler OCT in the otology field, it has been widely studied and applied to the simulation of membrane-resembled samples [45,46], ex vivo studies including small animal and human cadaveric experiments [47,48], and in vivo experiments for both animals and humans [49,50], while providing a morphological structure with motion information of tissue. Doppler is one of the widely utilized methods, and extracts the Doppler frequency shift by comparing the phase differences of adjacent A-lines [36]. To utilize both intensity and phase information, there are other phase-resolved techniques, such as phase-resolved. We focus on timely updated clinical applications of Doppler OCT in otology and discuss the potential of preclinical and clinical imaging
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