Abstract
A series of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−xMxO2 (M = Al, Mg, Zn, and Fe, x = 0.06) was prepared via sol-gel method assisted by ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid as a chelating agent. A typical hexagonal α-NaFeO2 structure (R-3m space group) was observed for parent and doped samples as revealed by X-ray diffraction patterns. For all samples, hexagonally shaped nanoparticles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The local structure was characterized by infrared, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopy and 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (Li-NMR). Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests showed that Mg and Al doping improved the electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in terms of specific capacities and cyclability. In addition, while Al doping increases the initial capacity, Mg doping is the best choice as it improves cyclability for reasons discussed in this work.
Highlights
IntroductionLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) applied to power different systems such as portable electronics and electric cars require high-power density, fast charge/discharge rates, and long cycling lives [1,2,3]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) applied to power different systems such as portable electronics and electric cars require high-power density, fast charge/discharge rates, and long cycling lives [1,2,3].It is well known that the positive electrode in LIBs plays an essential role in guiding the electrochemical performance and is considered as the limiting element of the battery
According to the nominal stoichiometry, the total number of ions of each type should be the same for all transition metals, leading to symmetric intensity distribution. This expectation is not in accordance with the results from the spectral deconvolution of the samples; only the Zn-doped NMC333 sample might be considered to show roughly a symmetric intensity distribution. Another NMR feature was a minor resonance occurring at around 1300 ppm attributed to Li+ ions in 3a site of the TM layers as a result of the cation mixing with Ni and Mn in first and second coordination shell
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) applied to power different systems such as portable electronics and electric cars require high-power density, fast charge/discharge rates, and long cycling lives [1,2,3]. It is well known that the positive electrode (cathode) in LIBs plays an essential role in guiding the electrochemical performance and is considered as the limiting element of the battery. Used in the first generation of LIBs, the layered oxide LiCoO2 (LCO) crystallizing with the α-NaFeO2 type structure [4] demonstrated good reversibility and high-rate capability making this material very popular in commercial lithium-ion batteries. The performance of LiNix Mny Co1−x−y O2 as cathode material relies on the distribution of the transition-metal (TM) cations.
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