Abstract
Lead-based perovskite solar cells had reached a bottleneck and demonstrated significant power conversion efficiency (PCE) growth matching the performance of traditional polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Lead-containing perovskite solar cell technology is on the verge of commercialization and has huge potential to replace silicon solar cells, but despite the very promising future of these perovskite solar cells, the presence of water-soluble toxic lead content is a growing concern in the scientific community and a major bottleneck for their commercialization. The less toxic, tin-based perovskite solar cells are promising alternatives for lead-free perovskite solar cells. Like lead-based perovskite, the general chemical formula composition of tin-based perovskite is ASnX3, where A is a cation and X is an anion (halogen). It is evident that tin-based perovskites, being less-toxic with excellent photoelectric properties, show respectable performance. Recently, numerous studies reported on the fabrication of Sn-based perovskite solar cells. However, the stability of this novel lead-free alternative material remains a big concern. One of the many ways to stabilize these solar cells includes addition of dopants. In this context, this article summarizes the most important fabrication routes employing dopants that have shown excellent stability for tin-based perovskite photovoltaics and elaborates the prospects of lead-free, tin based stable perovskite photovoltaics.
Highlights
Lead-based perovskite solar cells have been in the limelight of solar cell devices for more than a decade, and their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has grown rapidly from3.80% to 25.50% [1,2]
They tested octanoic acid (OCA), trimethylphenyl ammonium chloride (TMPACl), 2H,2H,3H,3H-perfluorononanoic acid (FNCA), all of which influenced the performance of the period, of which FNCA had the greatest impact on the device, which could improve the stability of the period [49]
This review briefly introduces the important research progress made in improving the stability and performance of tin-based perovskites
Summary
Lead-based perovskite solar cells have been in the limelight of solar cell devices for more than a decade, and their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has grown rapidly from. MASnX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) is very unstable in an ambient atmosphere [17] Considering this drawback in subsequent years, several attempts are made to enhance the efficiency of the more stable FASnI3 and CsSnI3 active material in solar cells, but no improvement in PCE was observed. In 2020, Nishimura et al, fabricated Sn-based perovskite solar cells with a GeI2 doped (FA0.9 EA0.1 )0.98 EDA0.01 SnI3 composition as the light-absorbing layer, that reached the highest reported performance so far, a PCE of 13.24% [30]. This enhanced efficiency was the result of the excellent optoelectronic properties of the new absorber layer. This article summarizes important contributions made by scientific researchers to the development of tin-based perovskite in terms of additives, dimensions, structure and proposes possible future development directions for tin-based perovskites
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