Dog-Assisted Therapy Programs: Should we Reconsider Current Practices?

Abstract

There is, today, accumulating evidence suggesting that, when integrated into treatment, dogs can have a positive impact in a wide variety of clinical problems. These include compromised mental functioning [1], communication and language impairments [2], social disabilities [3], emotional difficulties [4], undesirable behaviors [5], and physical problems [6]. Data comes from individual or group studies, implemented in different settings with individuals across the lifespan, including children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly [7]. Within the particular field of physiotherapy, a growing number of studies are showing that a dog used as an adjunct to therapy can motivate patients not only to do exercises they normally aren’t willing to do but also for longer durations, thereby increasing the benefits of the therapeutic process [6]. Research also shows that involving a dog in physical therapy can help improve sensory modulation and sensory interpretation [8]. Moreover, tasks such as having patients taking the animal for a walk, petting and brushing, or playing fetch, carry a motor component, which can increase muscle strength and improves control of motor skills [6]. Importantly is that, as opposed to rote exercises in which patients move by following directions given in spatial terms or by following the therapists’ demonstrations, these tasks present a highly functional utility. Another benefit reported in empirical studies relates to the unique ability of these animals to capture the attention of patients and distract them from the pain associated to some motor activities [9]. Also, dogs can make patients feel more relaxed and less stressed during sessions, either by providing a non-threatening diversion from anxiety-producing tasks or by the so-called contact comfort arising from physical touch [10].