Abstract
Domestic renewable energy systems, including photovoltaic energy generation, as well as local storage, are becoming increasingly popular and economically feasible, but do come with a wide range of options. Hence, it can be difficult to match their specification to specific customer’s needs. Next to the usage-specific demand profiles and location-specific production profiles, local energy storage through the use of batteries is becoming increasingly important, since it allows one to balance variations in production and demand, either locally or via the grid. Moreover, local storage can also help to ensure a continuous energy supply in the presence of grid outages, at least for a while. Hybrid Petri net (HPN) models allow one to analyze the effect of different battery management strategies on the continuity of such energy systems in the case of grid outages. The current paper focuses on one of these strategies, the so-called smart strategy, that reserves a certain percentage of the battery capacity to be only used in case of grid outages. Additionally, we introduce a new strategy that makes better use of the reserved backup capacity, by reducing the demand in the presence of a grid outage through a prioritization mechanism. This new strategy, called power-save, only allows the essential (high-priority) demand to draw from the battery during power outages. We show that this new strategy outperforms previously-proposed strategies through a careful analysis of a number of scenarios and for a selection of survivability measures, such as minimum survivability per day, number of survivable hours per day, minimum survivability per year and various survivability quantiles.
Highlights
Over the last decade, we have witnessed an enormous increase in local energy generation, e.g., through photovoltaic panels
The minimum survivability indicates the probability that the house will survive a grid failure when the failure occurs on the worst possible moment of the day
This paper presents a study of the survivability of a domestic smart energy system in which part of the local battery capacity is reserved for backup purposes in case of grid outages
Summary
We have witnessed an enormous increase in local (distributed) energy generation, e.g., through photovoltaic panels. Recent changes in national subsidy schemes, as for example in Germany, lead to an increased interest in local battery storage systems, as this appears economically more attractive. When managed in a grid-convenient way, recent research [1,2] suggests that local energy storage may lead to a more balanced grid, but can be used to increase the energy independence in the case of grid outages. While the importance of the latter may not be immediately obvious, related work states that due to the variability in power production introduced by decentralized renewable power generation, the number of grid failures is expected to increase up to 60% until 2020 [3]. In [4], it is suggested
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