Abstract
Dense vegetation, especially thickets of trees or shrubs, has been associated with actual and perceived crime risk in several parts of the world. In some contexts, invasive alien trees and shrubs can create a habitat structure that is very different from that provided by native vegetation. The role of alien and native plant species at different stages of invasion/densification in mediating criminal activity within a managed landscape remains poorly documented and elaborated. Using the South African city of Cape Town (a rapidly growing metropolitan centre within a global biodiversity hotspot) as a case study, we discuss the role of alien, invasive and native vegetation in mediating criminal activity in urban areas, particularly in a developing-country context. We argue that the incidence of crime may not always be determined by the biogeographical status of dominant plants (i.e., whether vegetation is dominated by native, alien, or invasive alien species), but rather on the structure/habitat they provide. A stronger link between crime and vegetation is likely in areas where tree invasions have drastically altered vegetation structure. This paper draws attention to a novel interaction between humans and vegetation and highlights the need for context-specific approaches when managing plant invasions, particularly in urban areas.
Highlights
Using the South Africa city of Cape Town as a case study, we argue that a stronger link between crime and vegetation is likely to occur in areas where alien tree invasions have drastically altered vegetation structure
All respondents agreed (69% strongly agreed and 31% agreed) that crime can occur in vegetation dominated by both native and invasive alien plants (IAPs), and that vegetation structure is the ultimate factor facilitating criminal activity (Fig. 4b)
A paired-sample t-test showed a significant difference in the number of cited criminal incidents associated with IAPs (44 incidents from 12 categories) than with native plants (20 incidents from 11 categories) (p < 0.01; Table 1)
Summary
Kuo and Sullivan (2001) suggest that high-canopy trees and other forms of low-stature vegetation (e.g., grassy areas) do not promote crime, but rather deter it by increasing visibility and options for surveillance. Well-designed and managed green spaces promote social inclusion, elevate public spirit and local pride (Gaston 2010), this may depend on the local community context. Such green spaces may be associated with high perceived personal safety and can decrease crime by attracting people to spend time outdoors (Kuo et al 1998, Kuo 2003). A caveat to these studies is that under some circumstances, the presence of vegetation – vegetation perceived as being overgrown or that obstructs views – can generate negative reactions and feelings
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