Abstract
Global warming, and nutrient and sediment runoff from coastal development, both exert increasing pressures on coastal coral reefs. The objective of this study was to resolve the question of whether coastal eutrophication may protect corals from thermal stress by improving their nutritional status, or rather diminish their thermal tolerance through the synergy of dual stressors. A review of previous studies on the topic of combined trophic status and heat exposure on the thermal tolerance of corals reveals a broad range of outcomes, including synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects. We conducted a 90-day long experiment exposing corals to realistic levels of elevated nutrients and sediments, and heat stress. Colonies of two common scleractinian corals (Acropora millepora and Montipora tuberculosa) were kept in coastal seawater, or coastal seawater that was further organically and nutrient enriched (OE), and/or enriched with nitrate. Batches of OE were created daily, facilitating nutrient uptake, plankton succession and organic enrichment as observed in coastal waters. After 10 days of acclimation, 67% of the colonies had their temperature gradually increased from 27° to 31.2°C. After 3–7 weeks of heat stress, colonies of both species had significantly greater reductions in fluorescence yields and lower survival in OE than without addition of OE. Furthermore, photophysiological recovery was incomplete 31–38 days after ending the heat stress only in the OE treatments. Nitrate alone had no measurable effect on survival, bleaching and recovery in either species. Skeletal growth rates were reduced by 45% in heat-stressed A. millepora and by 24% in OE-exposed M. tuberculosa. We propose a conceptual trophic framework that resolves some of the apparently contradictory outcomes revealed by the review. Our study shows that management actions to reduce coastal eutrophication can improve the resistance and resilience of vulnerable coastal coral reefs to warming temperatures.
Highlights
Periods of high sea surface temperatures and light intensity have severe detrimental effects on scleractinian corals, causing bleaching, mortality and reduced calcification [1,2]
To assess the likely effectiveness of this strategy requires an improved understanding of the combined effects of thermal stress and terrestrial runoff on coral reefs
In this study, consisting of a 90-day long experiment, we aimed to expand our understanding of the link between chronic exposure of corals to turbid nutrient-enriched waters and their thermal tolerance from episodic heat stress
Summary
Periods of high sea surface temperatures and light intensity have severe detrimental effects on scleractinian corals, causing bleaching, mortality and reduced calcification [1,2]. Rising seawater temperatures from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations increase the frequency and severity of heat stress periods, and increase rainfall variability in many tropical regions [3,4] This leads to more severe drought-breaking or cyclone-induced floods, washing nutrients, sediments, and pollutants from cleared, fertilized and urbanized catchments into coastal waters [5,6]. Both greenhouse gas concentrations and coastal development are predicted to continue rising significantly over the coming decades [7]. To assess the likely effectiveness of this strategy requires an improved understanding of the combined effects of thermal stress and terrestrial runoff on coral reefs
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