Abstract
Despite the rapid worldwide expansion of parks with outdoor fitness equipment (OFE), no objective data regarding the intensity of activity associated with using OFE are available. Hence, this study quantified the energy expenditure and intensity of physical activity by examining four outdoor fitness devices widely used by older adults and provides objective evidence-based intensity references for the Compendium of Physical Activities. Sixteen older adults (mean age: 70.7 ± 5.6 yr) equipped with a portable metabolic system for measuring energy expenditure and activity intensity completed tasks while walking or using four types of OFE. Descriptive statistics and repeated-measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test were employed. The energy expenditure and activity intensity for using an air walker at tempos of 80, 100, and 120 bpm were 50.78 ± 14.76 (2.81 ± 0.85), 59.62 ± 14.23 (3.26 ± 0.82), and 65.62 ± 18.27 (3.55 ± 1.02) cal/kg/min (METs), respectively. The induced energy and intensity output values for a ski machine were 54.00 ± 14.31 (3.02 ± 0.87), 68.87 ± 22.74 (3.82 ± 1.35), and 74.55 ± 23.39 (4.05 ± 1.35) cal/kg/min (METs), at 80, 100, and 120 bpm, respectively. The energy output for a waist twister at 60 bpm was 38.43 ± 20.16 cal/kg/min (2.05 ± 1.15 METs), and that for a double arm stretch at 80 bpm was 31.05 ± 12.58 cal/kg/min (1.63 ± 0.70 METs). These findings indicate that activity on the ski machine and air walker could be considered to have moderate intensity, whereas the intensity of activity on the waist twister and double arm stretch was significantly lower than that for walking at either 3.2 km/h or 4 km/h and could be considered only light intensity. The MET values for the OFE were lower than those for similar indoor fitness equipment. The results of this study provide crucial implications for public health practices concerning the development of active living environments.
Highlights
Regular physical activity (PA) can counteract health problems [1, 2] such as chronic diseases [3], diabetes [4], cancer [5,6,7], and depression [8]; promoting regular participation in PA, which may mitigate these conditions, remains a challenge for public health [9, 10]
Regarding the frequency for using outdoor fitness equipment (OFE) at parks, the air walker and waist twister appeared to be popular among the participants, more than 50% of whom indicated that they used these machines frequently or every time they visited parks (Fig 3)
The PA intensity was the lowest with the double arm stretch, being significantly lower than that with the other tasks. These results indicate that for older adults, using the air walker and the ski machine represents moderate-intensity PA, and using the waist twister and double arm stretch can be considered only light-intensity PA according to the classification of the Compendium of Physical Activities [33, 46]
Summary
Regular physical activity (PA) can counteract health problems [1, 2] such as chronic diseases [3], diabetes [4], cancer [5,6,7], and depression [8]; promoting regular participation in PA, which may mitigate these conditions, remains a challenge for public health [9, 10]. Intensity of outdoor fitness equipment environments to promote PA [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. The use of outdoor fitness equipment (OFE), or outdoor gyms, or family fitness zones has become very popular worldwide in numerous green spaces and built environments [23,24,25,26,27,28]. These facilities are modified configurations of conventional indoor gym equipment and are constructed of stainless steel and without power requirements for outdoor use. Cohen et al estimated that on average, visitors’ PA increased at a cost of only 10.5 cents per metabolic equivalent (MET) increase [30]
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