Abstract
AbstractSpruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem)) is the main defoliator in the boreal forest of North America, and its outbreaks have major ecological and economic consequences and represent a challenge for forest management. Numerous studies have addressed the effects of this defoliator on mature trees, whereas the effects of spruce budworm on regeneration remain elusive. Furthermore, intensive exploitation practices during the last decades have left a large area of the Canadian boreal forest in an early development stage. In this context, it becomes vital to understand those factors affecting the severity of spruce budworm‐related defoliation on regeneration. Here, we determine the defoliation severity of black spruce and balsam fir seedlings in both mature pure black spruce and black spruce–balsam fir stands subjected to two different silvicultural treatments (clear‐cutting and partial cutting). Defoliation intensity varied between stand types, silvicultural treatments, species, and height classes. Seedlings in black spruce–balsam fir stands experienced twice the defoliation of those in pure black spruce stands (black spruce seedlings 10% vs. 23%; balsam fir seedlings 29% vs. 47%, respectively). Harvesting methods also influenced seedling defoliation. Under clear‐cutting, black spruce seedlings (24%) were three times as defoliated as black spruce seedlings in partial cutting stands (8%), whereas balsam fir seedlings in clear‐cutting plots experienced twice the defoliation (42%) of balsam fir seedlings in partial cutting plots (20%). The level of defoliation also increased with seedling height. This study will help silvicultural strategies adapt to the effects of natural disturbance regimes. As the intensity and severity of defoliator outbreaks are expected to increase under climate change, these results will help guide forest management strategies to select harvesting methods that will limit the effects of defoliation on conifer regeneration.
Highlights
Natural and anthropogenic disturbances are key elements in forest ecosystem dynamics, structure, and composition (Seidl et al 2017, Montoro Girona et al 2018a, Labrecque-Foy et al 2020)
Given the lack of research involving the interaction of multiple disturbances, we investigated the effect of harvesting methods on the severity of SBW-related defoliation on conifer regeneration in the eastern Canadian boreal forest
We identified no significant interaction between the stand type and harvesting method for the defoliation of mature trees
Summary
Natural and anthropogenic disturbances are key elements in forest ecosystem dynamics, structure, and composition (Seidl et al 2017, Montoro Girona et al 2018a, Labrecque-Foy et al 2020). Windthrow, and insect outbreak are the most common natural disturbances in the boreal forest (Ulanova 2000, De Grandpre et al 2018, Ressources naturelles Canada 2018). The immediate challenge is to balance forest harvesting, biodiversity conservation, and climate change uncertainties for this biome (Ressources naturelles Canada 2018). Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem); SBW) outbreaks represent the most important natural disturbance in terms of affected area—even more than fire—in the eastern North American boreal forest (Blais 1983). In 2019, more than 9 million ha of the boreal forest in Quebec (Canada) was affected by a SBW outbreak (MFFP 2019), an areal extent equivalent to the state of Maine (USA). SBW is responsible for marked losses in forest productivity with an important effect on economic activities
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